| Anton Hammerl | |
|---|---|
| Born | Anton Lazarus Hammerl 12 December 1969 Johannesburg, South Africa |
| Died | 5 April 2011 Outside of Brega, Libya |
| Education | Pretoria Technikon |
| Occupation | Photojournalist |
| Spouse(s) | Penny Sukhraj |
| Children | One daughter, two sons |
| Nationality | South African and Austrian |
| Years active | 1992–2011 |
| Website | |
| Official website | |
Anton Hammerl (12 December 1969 – 5 April 2011) was a photojournalist who was shot and killed by troops loyal to Colonel Muammar Gaddafi outside of Brega while covering the 2011 Libyan civil war on 5 April 2011.[1] After his death, Hammerl’s family was led to believe by the Gaddafi regime that he was alive and safe but held in detention in Libya. His family learned about his death on 19 May after the release of a group of journalists who had been with Hammerl when he was killed.[2][3][4]
Hammerl was one of five journalists killed during the civil war.[5][6] His body has still not been found and returned to the family.[7]
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Anton Hammerl was born in Johannesburg, South Africa on 12 December 1969. He was the son of Ludwig and Freda Hammerl.[8][9]
Hammerl attended King Edwards Primary and Roosevelt High School.[10] At the end of his photographic studies in the early 90s, he began his career in photojournalism. He was drafted into the South African Defense Force during the Apartheid era and served in Angola.[9] After his two years in the army, he enrolled at Pretoria Technikon to study photography.[10]
In 2003, Hammerl married Penny Sukhraj. They had three children.[1][11]
Hammerl was a dual citizen of Austria and South Africa.[1][2]
In 1992, Hammerl began working as a freelance photojournalist for The Star, where he met colleague and mentor, Ken Oosterbroek.[10] A South African, Oosterbroek was a member of the Bang-Bang Club. After working with The Star, Hammerl began to freelance for Associated Press, covering South Africa democratization and the fall of Apartheid.[10]
In 1995, Hammerl while continuing his work with The Star, he also began working as a senior photographer for independent South African newspapers, the Saturday Star and the Sunday Independent. In 2001, he became the picture editor and chief photographer at the Saturday Star.[10]
From 2006, until his death in 2011, Hammerl went back to being a freelance photojournalist in London.[2][12]
According to media reports, on the morning of April 5, 2011, three other reporters, in addition to Hammerl were attacked by Libyan soldiers who shot at them in a remote desert location outside of Brega. These included American James Foley, a freelance reporter and regular contributor to the Global Post; American Clare Morgana Gillis, a freelance reporter who wrote for the Atlantic Monthly, Christian Science Monitor, and USA Today; and Spanish photographer Manu Barabo. When the shooting started, Foley and Gillis both heard Hammerl yell out, "Help!" Hammerl was killed and the other three journalists were beaten by the pro-Gaddafi forces and then taken as their prisoners.[13][14]
One of the three captured journalists, Jim Foley, reported, "Once I saw Anton lying there dead, it was like everything had changed. The whole world has changed. I don't even know that I felt some of the blows."[15]
After the attack that killed Hammerl, the Libyan authorities gave Hammerl's family false information for about 45 days that he was alive.[1][6]
Before Anton Hammerl began his journey, two journalists had already been killed while covering the Libyan civil war. Both Ali Hassan al-Jaber and Mohammed Nabbous had been killed in Benghazi during the month of March. In the mean time, the front, although fluid, had moved westward.
Hammerl flew from London to Libya on 28 March to cover the uprising against Colonel Muammar Gaddafi's regime. According to his family, Hammerl last talked to them 4 April and told them he would drive with a group of journalists to a rural location that was some distance from their Benghazi base.[16]
A day later, Hammerl was killed in the desert outside of Brega. The reporters were headed toward the front lines of battle when they walked into a fight between rebels and Gaddafi forces, and the latter shot Hammerl and captured the others. Hammerl's body was left behind in the desert.[17] At the time, eyewitness reports were printed that said the car, in which Hammerl and the journalists had been riding, was destroyed after its occupants were removed, but no death was reported.[18]
Hammerl's family was notified that he was missing and they asked the South Africa to aid them in gaining his release. On 7 April, Human Rights Watch contacted Hammerl's wife, stating that they believed Hammerl was captured by Gaddafi loyalists, along with two American journalists and a Spanish photographer..[19] Hammerl's wife contacted the South African consular officials in London and since South Africa no longer had a diplomatic staff in Tripoli embassy, it passed the information on to officials in South Africa.
On 8 April, Human Rights Watch informed Hammerl’s family that Libyan authorities confirmed that it had captured four journalists, including Hammerl, the two Americans and a Spaniard. The human rights organization said the Libyan authorities had said the journalists would be taken to Tripoli and released.[19] The same day, a senior consul official in South Africa said staff from the Turkish embassy would facilitate negotiations for a release as they were acting on behalf of the U.S. government. On 9 April, the South African consular official informed the family that South African President Jacob Zuma intended to visit Libya and would raise the matter of Hammerl’s detention with the Libyan government. The suggestion was that a release would probably happen as a show of goodwill by Muammar Gaddafi. However, the next day, Hammerl’s family was informed that Hammerl's release had not been raised by President Zuma’s delegation.[20] Zuma was criticized for not raising the issue.[2] By 14 April, the South African government was working closely with the U.S., Spanish and Austrian governments to secure his release, as well as that of the other journalists.
On 20 April, two photojournalists, Tim Hetherington and Chris Hondros were reported killed in Misrata.[21] South African journalists and photographers demonstrated outside Houses of Parliament in Cape Town, South Africa, and demanded government action over Hammerl’s imprisonment.[22] On 21 April, South African journalists and photographers demonstrated in Hyde Park, Johannesburg to draw attention to the plight of Hammerl.[23]
Each of the captured reporters had emerged but Hammerl was not among them. Each of the three surviving journalists had been allowed a call to their families by Saturday, 23 April, but Hammerl’s family had yet to hear from him. [24] Fellow journalist Clare Morgana Gillis, initially thought to have been captured with Hammerl, called her parents from detention in Libya, but it was reported in the media on April 21 that Gillis had said Hammerl had not been with her and two other journalists, Jim Foley and Manu Brabo, when they were captured.[25][17]
Hammerl was still believed to be alive. According to a story on 22 April by The Global Post, which is the Boston-based news website that James Foley was filing for it at the time of his capture, a Libyan official had said Hammerl was alive and well. A South African foreign affairs official confirmed this.[26][27] By 16 April, the Austrian Foreign Ministry said two independent sources had confirmed that Hammerl was alive and well. The confirmation was obtained from a network of contacts in Libya.[28]
On 28 April, the United Nations dispatched a three-man task force to Libya to investigate allegations that forces loyal to Muammar Gaddafi had committed human rights violations, including the detention of foreign journalists.[6][29]
Supporters rallied people to call for Hammerl's return. By 30 April, an online petition calling for the release of South African photographer Hammerl and the three other detained journalists had received over 32,000 signatures.[30] On World Press Freedom Day, which is on 3 May, vigils were held for Hammerl at St Bride’s Church Fleet Street, London, and at the Institute for the Advancement of Journalism in Johannesburg.[31][32] On 14 April, the Hammerl family launched a "Yellow Ribbons of Hope for Anton" campaign to mark 40 days and 40 nights since Hammerl last had contact with the outside world. To mark this day, they called on people around the world to wear a yellow ribbon, which has long been used to signify the absence of a loved one.[33] A 16 May letter signed by various press freedom, human rights, and civil rights organizations, as well as others fighting for a free media, called upon President Jacob Zuma and the governments of Austria and Hungary to do everything within their power to ensure that Hammerl is brought safely out of Libya.
On 17 May, the Libyan government said it would release Hammerl.[13] But on the next day, 18 May, journalists James Foley, Clare Morgana Gillis and Manu Brabo, as well as Nigel Chandler, were released and brought to the Rixos Hotel in Tripoli. Hammerl’s family and friends watched this unfold live on TV.[34]
With the release of the journalists, the family learned of Hammerl's death and the Gaddafi government's attempt to cover it up. At 10 p.m. BST, Thursday, 19 May, Penny Sukhraj received a telephone call from the South African authorities and they told her that Hammerl was now believed to be dead, shot in the desert by pro-Gaddafi forces. Later that evening, Penny Sukhraj spoke to Clare Morgana Gillis and James Foley, who shared their eyewitness accounts of events on the last day they had seen Hammerl alive and his death. During their time in detention, they said they had to keep Hammerl's death a secret and were fearful that talking about his situation could endanger their lives and jeopardize their chances of freedom.[14] Before learning of his death, the Hammerl family were getting ready to begin a physical search for Hammerl by sending South African journalist and friend Des Latham to Libya.
By May 26, well before President Zuma made another trip to Libya, the Hammerl family called on Zuma to use his influence with the Gaddafi regime to help locate Hammerl's remains and bring him home to South Africa.[9][35] On 2 July, over 400 friends, family and colleagues gathered at His People Church in Johannesburg to reflect on Hammerl's life.[9]
On 8 September, Hammerl's friends, family and colleagues returned to St Bride's Church for his London memorial service.[36]
The family continues its efforts to locate Hammerl's remains. On 1 November, Penny Sukhraj wrote an open letter to the Libyan people: "Dear people of Libya we call on you to please be our hearts, eyes and ears in our search for the whereabouts of Anton's remains."[37]
The South African Department of International Relations and Cooperation reopened its mission in Libya, focusing on locating Hammerl. The South African government began to work with Austria, trying to recover the body for a proper burial, which required a diplomatic effort involving both sides of the Libyan conflict.[38] On 6 December 2011, a shadow minister of International Relations and Cooperation, charged that the South African government had not revealed the measures it had taken during Hammerl's disappearance or how it had verified his status.[39] The Department of International Relations and Cooperations said the situation was made difficult by the war.[38]
Hammerl's widow formed a nonprofit organization, so they could spread the word about his disappearance.[11]
The president of the International Federation of Journalists said, "The devastating news of his killing has been made unbearable by the Libyan cover up of his death. We offer our sincere condolences to his wife Penny Sukhraj."[40]
Mixael de Kock, deputy chairman of the Johannesburg Press Club, emphasized that journalists must be protected in areas of war and conflict, if they continue to document the process of combat and expose violations of international law as the journalists who covered the Libyan civil war had done.[6]